What term refers to physical or functional malformations present at birth?

The term that refers to physical or functional malformations present at birth is teratogenesis. This process involves the development of physical defects in a fetus during pregnancy, which result from exposure to certain environmental factors or substances, such as pesticides, drugs, or infections. Understanding teratogenesis is crucial for pesticide applicators because it highlights the importance of minimizing exposure to potentially harmful chemicals during pregnancy, which can lead to serious developmental issues in newborns.

Mutagenesis pertains to the process by which genetic mutations are induced, often leading to changes in the DNA that can result in various health effects, but it does not specifically relate to physical malformations present at birth. Reproductive toxicity refers to adverse effects on reproductive能力 and reproductive organs, which can affect fertility but does not specifically address congenital malformations. Allergic effects involve hypersensitivity reactions to substances but do not encompass the concept of developmental deformities that occur during fetal development.